Developmental exposure to Bisphenol S causes neurobehavioural deficits in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS) is a widely used synthetic compound and is known as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC). The ability of BPS to bind predominantly to estrogen receptors raises significant concern, as it can interfere with different neurological functions, leading to neurobehavioural deficits. Despite extensive research documenting various adverse effects of BPS in adult fish, its neurobehavioural effects, especially in early life stages of fish, remain poorly understood. In the present study, zebrafish embryos (4-hours post fertilization, hpf) were exposed to an environmentally relevant concentration of BPS (30 μg/L), in addition to control and DMSO (0.01%; vehicle control), until 120 hpf, followed by behavioural, biochemical, and molecular assessments. BPS exposure impaired tail coiling frequency in embryos (20 hpf), and thigmotaxis and reflexive movement behaviour (120 hpf) in zebrafish larvae. At 120 hpf, larvae showed elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased apoptosis, and higher malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicating lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage. Biochemical analysis further demonstrated that BPS significantly increased whole body serotonin (5-HT) and acetylcholine levels at 120 hpf. Moreover, gene expression analysis at 120 hpf indicated that BPS exposure resulted in the dysregulation of genes involved in dopaminergic, serotonergic and cholinergic neurotransmitter pathways, apoptosis pathway, oxidative stress response, and neuroinflammation. These findings suggest that BPS induces oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptosis, leading to the disruption of neural development and signaling pathways involved in regulating behavioural responses. Overall, our study provides new insights into the behavioural effects and underlying neurotoxic mechanisms of developmental BPS exposure in larval zebrafish.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".