Grain Boundary-Induced Work Function Heterogeneity in Yb <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> Thin Films on ITO
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ytterbium oxide offers innovations in photovoltaics and organic light emitting as it enhances electron injection between the cathode and the electron injection layer. That said, the tuning as well as the heterogeneity of its work function remain poorly understood. Here, we report a systematic study of the thickness-dependent work function of thermally evaporated Yb 2 O 3 on indium tin oxide using pulsed force Kelvin probe force microscopy (PF-KPFM). The results demonstrate the reduction of the work function as a function of thickness, which has its origin in the formation of the interfacial dipole at the interface of both materials. High-resolution PF-KPFM mapping reveals the heterogeneity of the work function, especially at the grain boundaries. Based on these observations, we postulate a cascade mechanism for the electron transport in which the lateral variations in the work function in the electron injection layer facilitate the transport of electrons from the cathode to the electron transport layer. These results suggest that charge transport in electron injection layers may proceed through multistep rather than few-step pathways.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".