Ultralight Solar Transmitter Enables Fine-Scale Movement Ecology in North American Hummingbird Migration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Due to attachment weight limitations, animals under 5g have remained a major methodological barrier in movement ecology, limiting tracking options for many small-bodied organisms. We developed and field-tested an ultra-light solar powered transmitter (BlūMorpho 0.058-0.060g) designed to enable continuous, near real-time tracking using a broad, crowd sourced network. We validated the system on two North American hummingbird species during spring migration, demonstrating reliable detection, multi-week retention, broad spatial coverage (United States, Mexico and Canada), and long-distance migration paths including a 6,526km cumulative track. Our results highlight the ability to track the smallest of species across the full migratory range with fine-scale spatial resolution and high temporal resolution using the BlūMorpho transmitter. Importantly, we present the first migratory tracks known to exist on North American hummingbird species. Data/Code for peer review statements R Code used for all analyses is attached for peer review.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".