Effect of Cooling Conditions on Heat Transport Performance of a Meander-Shaped Low-Fill Heat Pipe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The increasing heat generation density of modern electronic devices necessitates advanced cooling technologies to maintain reliability and prevent performance degradation.A recently developed thermal device, the Meander-shaped Low-Fill Heat Pipe (MLFHP), features a meandering open-loop channel and operates effectively at extremely low filling ratios below 10 vol.%, unlike conventional pulsating heat pipes.While previous studies have demonstrated its superior temperature uniformity under natural air cooling, its performance under high heat flux conditions and different cooling environments has not been fully clarified.In this study, the heat transport characteristics of an MLFHP were experimentally investigated under three cooling conditions: natural air cooling, forced air cooling, and water cooling.The effects of filling ratio, air velocity, and cooling water flow rate on thermal performance were examined.Thermal resistance and heat transfer coefficients were evaluated using measured temperature distributions and heat input data.The results showed that the MLFHP at a filling ratio of 10 vol.% achieved significantly lower thermal resistance than at 50 vol.%under natural air cooling, with a minimum value of 0.16 K/W-approximately 80% lower than that of the conventional case.Under forced air cooling, increased air velocity enhanced tolerance to high heat flux but induced temperature oscillations in the heating section due to excessive condensation and liquid retention in the cooling section.Similarly, under water cooling, higher flow rates raised the maximum allowable heat flux by about 19%, although pronounced temperature fluctuations appeared at elevated heat inputs.These findings indicate that excessive cooling can destabilize liquid circulation within the channel despite improving heat flux tolerance.Overall, this study demonstrates that the MLFHP exhibits excellent heat transport capability at low filling ratios, making it a promising thermal management solution for compact, high-power electronic devices.The results also highlight the importance of optimizing cooling conditions to balance effective heat removal and stable operation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".