Buried Interface Passivation with Sulfonic Acid–Based Co-Assembled Monolayer Enables High-Performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Interfacial engineering, particularly at the buried interface between the hole-transporting layer (HTL) and the perovskite layer, is pivotal for attaining high-performance and long-term stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) have garnered significant attention as a promising hole-transporting material for improving the performance of perovskite solar cells. Nevertheless, interfacial recombination losses induced by inadequate wetting properties and molecular aggregation of SAMs pose a major challenge, limiting further advances in both power conversion efficiency (PCE) and device stability. This work introduces a novel synergistic coself-assembled monolayer (Co-SAM) strategy by incorporating 4-Fluorobenzenesulfonic Acid (4FBSA), a molecule featuring sulfonic acid and fluorine functional groups, with [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9 H -carbazol-9yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz) on a NiO x substrate. The 4FBSA not only suppresses the self-aggregation of Me-4PACz, leading to a more uniform and compact monolayer, but its sulfonic acid group also effectively passivates undercoordinated Pb 2+ defects at the buried interface via Lewis acid–base interaction (Pb–O coordination). Concurrently, the sulfonic acid and fluorine groups work synergistically to mitigate halide vacancy defects. This multifunctional modification promotes charge transport, optimizes energy level alignment at the interface, and consequently minimizes nonradiative recombination losses. This approach enabled the fabricated devices to attain a champion PCE of 24.37%. Furthermore, even without encapsulation, they retained 83.1% of their initial efficiency after 400 h under continuous operation in ambient air at 65 ± 5% relative humidity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".