Comparative Safety of Medications for Severe Agitation: Lessons Learned From Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The recent publication by Casey et al. highlights an important and challenging clinical area, that is, the management of severe undifferentiated agitation among older adults in ED settings [1].As outlined in the paper, agitation is common among older adults in ED settings and the potential causes of agitation can be broad and difficult to disentangle, particularly with individuals who may be uncooperative or have difficulty communicating due to underlying neurodegenerative conditions such as dementia, or due to other causes of cognitive impairment such as delirium or acute intoxication with substances.Their study has also identified the paucity of evidence on this topic with only one relatively small randomized controlled trial and eight observational studies [1].From the limited evidence that is available, their review indicated that adverse events were higher among individuals who received midazolam when compared to haloperidol and that quetiapine may have been associated with lower rates of adverse events when compared to other medications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.022 | 0.089 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".