Precision Medicine for Electrocardiogram Interpretation: Clinical Relevance, Challenges, and Advances
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrocardiograms (ECGs) remain a foundational pillar of cardiovascular diagnostics, providing rapid, non-invasive diagnosis and being universally accessible to all clinicians. An ECG captures the electrical signals of the heart via a standard 12-lead configuration, offering insights into arrhythmias, conduction delays, ischemic injury, structural remodeling, and systemic pathologies with cardiac implications. This review presents a structured framework for ECG interpretation by discussing general approaches to rate, rhythm, axis, intervals, and repolarization dynamics, and by outlining both cardiac and non-cardiac conditions associated with ECG abnormalities. We explore the accelerating pace of innovations in artificial intelligence (AI) for ECG analysis. Deep learning algorithms now rival and, in select domains, surpass expert clinicians in detecting left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, and acute myocardial infarction. The integration of AI-enhanced ECG interpretation enables earlier disease recognition, refined risk stratification, and optimized clinical decision-making across acute and chronic care settings. This review systematically guides readers through ECG interpretation, linking fundamental principles with nuanced clinical patterns using AI to enhance accurate diagnosis and improve patient outcomes across a wide range of cardiovascular conditions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".