5G Beam-Switchable Array With Full Spatial Coverage Employing Wideband Bow-Tie Antenna
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a single-substrate perforated antipodal bow-tie antenna element for indoor 5G applications. The proposed antenna operates in the 22.5–29.88 GHz frequency range, covering three main New Radio 5G bands, n257, n258, and n261. The antenna is fabricated on a Rogers 4003C substrate using affordable printed circuit board technology. The proposed antenna is aided with a curved ground plane serving as a semi-parabolic reflector to enhance the directivity in the end-fire direction and to keep the side lobe level below −10 dB along the entire bandwidth of operation. The fabricated prototype is measured and compared with simulations. The measured fractional bandwidth is 30.4% and the measured gain is 7.56 dBi at 28.5 GHz. The measured gain exhibits a variation of only 1.27 dB across the 24–30 GHz band while maintaining low side-lobe levels throughout the entire bandwidth. A beam-switchable array of seven bow-tie antenna elements is realized. Each element is rotated 30° with respect to the adjacent element. This results in beam steering in steps of 30° in the azimuth scanning range from −90° to 90°. The array measurements demonstrate its ability to control the direction of the radiation beam. This is accompanied by high gain, low side lobe level for all seven radiation patterns, and high isolation between the seven ports feeding the elements of the array. The proposed array offers a compact and efficient solution for next-generation wireless communication networks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".