Influence of halides on the formation of cytotoxicity and adsorbable organic halogen in peroxymonosulfate disinfection process
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) is a promising disinfectant; however, the formation of toxic byproducts during its application in water disinfection has raised concerns. This study investigates the influence of halides (Cl - , Br - , I - ) on cytotoxicity and adsorbable organic halogen (AOX) formation during PMS disinfection, aiming to clarify the associated toxicity risks in PMS-based water treatment processes. Three secondary effluent (SE) samples and Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) solutions were used to evaluate cytotoxicity. Results showed that PMS disinfection significantly increased cytotoxicity across all SE samples, with higher halide concentrations and PMS dosages further exacerbating this effect. The order of cytotoxicity induced by different halides was I - > Br - > Cl - : at 200 μg/L I - , 2 mg/L Br - , and 200 mg/L Cl - , the cytotoxicity increments (in mg-phenol/L) ranged from 6.71–6.76 for SRNOM and 4.01–5.90 for SE with I - and Br - , respectively, compared to 0.88–1.48 for Cl - . AOX formation was positively correlated with both PMS dosage and halide levels, with adsorbable organic iodine (AOI) and adsorbable organic bromine (AOBr) contributing more significantly than adsorbable organic chlorine (AOCl). Regression analysis confirmed a strong positive correlation between cytotoxicity and AOX concentrations ( p < 0.05), particularly for AOI, indicating that highly toxic iodinated and brominated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are key contributors to the observed increase in toxicity. This study highlights that halides, especially I - and Br - , enhance toxicity risks during PMS disinfection by promoting the formation of toxic halogenated DBPs, thereby providing critical insights for evaluating the safety of PMS applications in water treatment. • PMS increases the cytotoxicity of wastewater and SRNOM solution containing halides • The cytotoxicity increased with halide concentration and PMS dose • AOX formed in PMS disinfection and correlated with cytotoxicity formation • Bromide and iodide have more significant impact on cytotoxicity formation
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".