(Re)constructing Indigenous Linguistic Refusal Beyond the Settler Gaze: Rebecca Belmore and Jalvvi Niillas Holmberg
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Indigenous art, aestheticisms, and other creative expressions represent a critical threat to settler colonial neoliberalism, working within, between, and beyond the parameters, definitions, and conventions of the Western art world. Using the concept of “Indigenous refusal” as a grounding framework, this article complicates the hegemonic relationship between settler fantasy and embodied Indigenous reality, exploring the ways that contemporary Indigenous artists Rebecca Belmore (Anishinaabe) and Jalvvi Niilas Holmberg (Sámi) foster Indigenous futurity through their artistic engagements with the presence and absence of language. Through a comparative analysis of Belmore’s 2013 performance piece Apparition and Holmberg’s second studio album, Luođik (2024), this paper argues that Belmore and Holmberg’s respective works map distinct geographies of refusal, exercising a sonic sovereignty in the service of disrupting the settler gaze. Building on previous decolonial scholarly work on the politics of refusal, reconciliation, and representation, this comparative approach makes obvious the thread of transnational Indigenous solidarity that links Belmore and Holmberg’s respective works together.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.035 | 0.027 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".