Effect of caregivers’ expressed emotion and attachment patterns on the oxidative stress level in schizophrenic patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: The impact of caregiving on the schizophrenia prognosis has been investigated for a long time. However, there is no study that investigates the possible adverse effect of caregivers’ attachment style and expressed emotion on the schizophrenic patient’s objective measure of stress, one of which consists in oxidative stress parameters. The idea that oxidative stress has a significant role in development and prognosis of many diseases is being more widely accepted by leading researchers. This study aims to examine the relation between the oxidative stress level in schizophrenics and caregivers’ attachment patterns and expressed emotion. Methods: Participants were 20 schizophrenic patients who consulted Marmara University Medical School Hospital outpatient clinic and their mothers and 21 healthy controls and their mothers. Patients were administered the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS). Expressed Emotion Scale (EES), AAS, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDE) were given to the caregivers of the schizophrenics. AAS and BDE were given to the control group; EES and AAS were given to the control group’s caregivers. Blood and urine samples of patient group and control group were examined for oxidative stress parameters including reduced and oxidized forms of glutathione (GSH and GSSG), plasma lipid peroxidation (LP), urine malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione transferase (GSH-Tr), and catalase (CAT) levels. Results: Results indicate that reduced and oxidized forms of glutathione (GSH and GSSG), plasma lipid peroxidation (LP) and urine malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of patients are higher than those of the control group. Mothers of the patient group show higher levels of insecure attachment (anxious-ambivalent) and lower levels of expressed emotion (emotional over-involvement) compared to control group mothers. Regression analysis show that the main significant predictors of patients’ GSSG oxidative stress level is their mothers’ emotional over-involvement and mothers’ anxious-ambivalent attachment style. Conclusion: Investigations of the nature of attachment styles and expressed emotion in psychosis and how they relate to cognitive, interpersonal and affective factors has been reviewed in recent studies. The usual implication of the association between insecure attachment and high expressed emotion and psychopathology was also found in our sample. The role of oxidative stress in schizophrenia was investigated by evaluating the relationship of oxidative stress markers with psychopathology in recent studies. Our findings regarding oxidative stress levels of schizophrenic patients are similar to those in the psychosis literature. Moreover, in our study, the relation between biological markers and attachment styles and expressed emotion were studied and significant results were reported. If supported by further studies and repeated with higher sample sizes, the relation between oxidative stress parameters and mothers’ attachment and expressed emotion levels in schizophrenia will contribute to future psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological interventions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".