Towards a theory for the formation of sea stacks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We provide a continuum model that has the capability to explain the dynamical processes which lead to the formation of sea stacks. The basic concept is that a uniformly retreating sea cliff face can be unstable to the formation of spatial undulations, initially as sine waves, but with increasing contortion as the sinuosity develops. The mechanism for instability is the positive feedback created by enhanced erosion rate caused by the shore debris created by cliff collapse. This mechanism is somewhat similar to the morphological effects of wave-induced sand transport in forming irregular beach-bounded coastlines. The key ingredient of the theory which can potentially enable cave formation and isolated stacks to occur is that the relevant spatial variable describing along-shore transport is the along-shore arc length. We formulate the model, show that it provides the sought-for instability, and give numerical solutions for the resulting shore-line. As yet, we have not found self-intersecting shore-lines, which would be the harbinger of sea stack formation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".