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Record W7119490551 · doi:10.55544/ijrah.5.6.35

Principles Governing Legal Systems

2025· article· W7119490551 on OpenAlex
Ziaullah Hayat, Irfanullah Adil, Zarmakhan Momand, Shahidullah Safi

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueIntegrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities · 2025
Typearticle
Language
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicEvolving Legal Systems and Governance
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsEmpirical legal studiesLegal researchLegal realismLegal professionLegal opinionLegal formalismLegal pluralismPhilosophy of lawOrder (exchange)

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Legal systems are collections of laws that have similar, stable elements, such as the common law system, which is made up of the legal systems of England, the United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland, and India, or the Roman-Germanic legal system, which is made up of the legal systems of France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, and others. Certain principles govern these legal systems in order to determine the number of legal systems and to clarify the reasons for their distribution. The importance of examining the principles governing legal systems lies in the fact that it makes it clear to us why there are a certain number of legal systems in the world, and also clarifies the benefits of countries joining these systems. The purpose of examining this topic is to clarify the principles governing the world's legal systems and to clarify the differences in the distribution of the world's legal systems among jurists. The nature of this writing and research requires the use of a bibliographical and analytical method, because the material on the principles governing legal systems is available in books. I used them to analyze this material and then translate it into my own language. In this topic, I have come to the conclusion that there are four major legal families in the world, namely, the Islamic legal system, the Roman-Germanic legal system, the common law legal system, and the socialist legal system. And the principles governing these legal systems are: historical background, legal logic, specific legal foundations.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.011
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesScience and technology studies, Scholarly communication
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.952
Threshold uncertainty score0.997

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0110.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0050.001
Scholarly communication0.0060.001
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.002
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.282
GPT teacher head0.440
Teacher spread0.158 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it