Thousands introduced annually: the aquarium pathway for non-indigenous plants to the St Lawrence Seaway
Bibliographic record
Abstract
(Uploaded by Plazi for the IPBES Invasive Alien Species Assessment) Non-indigenous species are both economically and ecologically costly. Invasions are occurring at an accelerating rate worldwide and therefore present a critical challenge to natural resource managers. The aquarium trade is commonly recognized as a pathway for non-indigenous plants, but few regulations exist to curb such introductions. In addition, very few studies have attempted to quantify the number of propagules introduced through the aquarium trade each year, probably because it is difficult to directly measure the number of propagules introduced. Here, we use a novel approach to quantify propagule numbers by analyzing each step in the path to introduction and synthesizing this information to calculate propagule pressure for each species. We used the aquarium plant trade in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, as our study system and found that thousands of non-indigenous plant propagules are introduced to the St Lawrence Seaway each year, through the Montreal aquarium trade alone. Two known invaders are among those species with the highest measured propagule pressure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".