Seismic Fragility Characterization of Grid-Like Frame Structures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Historically, the design of reinforced concrete (RC) moment-resisting frames in regions of moderate seismicity, such as Malaysia, has been predominantly governed by gravity load requirements, which renders a considerable portion of the existing building stock vulnerable to earthquake-related risks. This study presents a parametric seismic fragility assessment of low-rise reinforced concrete (RC) grid-like frames, representative of structures in Malaysia where design has traditionally emphasized gravity loads. A suite of building archetypes was developed to capture systematic variations in key structural and geometric parameters, including plan configuration, story height, bay aspect ratio, column and beam cross-sectional area. Each archetype was subjected to Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) using nine ground motion records from the PEER NGA-West2 database. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) was employed as the intensity measure, and maximum interstory drift ratio (MaxIDR) was adopted as the engineering demand parameter. Fragility functions were constructed for five predefined damage states specified by international seismic performance guidelines, ranging from Slight Damage to Collapse. Results indicate that archetypes with smaller member sizes and more rectangular bay layouts (lower aspect ratios) exhibit a significantly higher probability of extensive damage at lower shaking intensities. The proposed framework which comprises a fragility catalog for detailed risk evaluation and a computationally efficient regression model for rapid vulnerability screening—provides a valuable tool for seismic risk assessment, disaster mitigation planning, and prioritization of retrofitting strategies in Malaysia and similar regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".