Palaeoenvironmental evolution of the Baltic Sea basin during the Last Interglacial (Eemian, Mikulino stages)—a review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This review presents an investigation of the evolution of the Baltic Sea basin and its connections through the Eemian Stage interglacial, based upon sequences of marine and associated deposits from the White Sea to the southwest Baltic, via the Karelian channel. Pollen analyses and foraminiferal and ostracod analyses are combined to provide the evolution of relative sea‐level change, supported by dinoflagellate cyst and diatom records. An independent chronology is established by correlation of the pollen record with that from the Bispingen laminated lake deposits in north Germany. Additional published sites from the area are included in a wider reconstruction of events. The evidence from five selected areas is assessed, with detailed evaluation of two critical time slices, respectively, in the Corylus pollen zone (E4) and that during the Carpinus ‐ Picea zones (E5–E6). Ostracod analyses indicate that freshwater lakes initially existed in the basin prior to the marine inundation. This was followed by an early marine transgression. The timing of the first marine conditions varies across the basin. For example, in the southeast Baltic they were established in pollen zones E2–E3, and in the southwest Baltic they occurred at the base of E3, with fully marine conditions established in zone E4, continuing into E5. In the White Sea area marine conditions occurred in zone E2. In most areas, regression of the sea in the Baltic basin began late in zone E5–E6 and was occasionally followed by freshwater deposition in zone E7. Compared to the Holocene, the salinity of the basin was markedly higher during the period of maximum sea level (zones E4–E5) as shown by the foraminifera and other marine fossils. The Eemian transgression occurred through the Kiel Canal area in addition to the Danish straits‐Kattegat seaway, indicating that a connection to the North Sea was present in the area during the interglacial sea‐level maximum highstand. Moreover, the nature, duration and regional impact of the link to the White Sea via Karelia are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".