Printed Differential Microwave Ring Resonator Based Liquid Sensor on Biodegradable Substrate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, a split ring resonator (SRR)-based differential microwave sensor is presented for real-time liquid sensing. The sensor is printed with silver ink on a biodegradable cellulose acetate (CA) substrate. It is implemented in a split-ter/combiner configuration with high characteristic impedance for enhanced sensitivity. Identical resonators are coupled to the branched feeders for differential mode operation with one of the resonators loaded with a liquid holder containing the liquid. The sensing is determined through frequency splitting. Experimental results show that the differential resonant frequency of the sensor can effectively differentiate between different liquids and can detect different concentrations of a liquid. For the variation in the ethanol concentration from 0 to 99%, the differential frequency changes 55.4 MHz. With respect to the variation in liquid permittivity, the sensor exhibits an average sensitivity of 8.65$\text{MHz}/\epsilon$and an average normalized sensitivity of 3.58 %. The sensor shows potential for sustainable differential microwave sensing applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".