Novel Immutable Data Provenance in Embedded Systems: Integrating Critical Infrastructure Auditability and Monitoring via Anonymous Blockchain Technology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Embedded systems are at the heart of critical infrastructure facilities in areas such as energy, transportation, healthcare, defense; where integrity, traceability, and auditability of data generated by the system are of great importance. However, existing data provenance security solutions for embedded settings are highly unsatisfactory because centralized design is vulnerable in embedded environment, they do not scale well and have poor privacy mechanisms. This work presents a novel method of combining immutable data provenance and anonymous blockchain solutions to solve these issues and promote the trustworthiness of embedded systems. The framework takes advantage of privacy-preserving cryptographic methods such as ring signatures, stealth addresses, and zero-knowledge proofs to support tamper-evident decentralized storage of data events without losing source privacy. It's designed to run efficiently under the resource constraints of the embedded platforms, to be low point compatible with low-power devices, without sacrificing the responsiveness of the system or the authenticity of the data. The architecture is designed for real time monitoring and auditability on distributed embedded devices that are installed in critical infrastructure networks. A lightweight consensus algorithm designed for embedded environments allows secure synchronization and validation of data without the need for the heavy computation of a public blockchain. The framework was experimentally validated through prototype implementation and simulation in multiple use-case scenarios, showing its effectiveness against data forgery, unauthorized access and provenance tampering. Performance evaluation demonstrates that the model is scalable, low latency and high throughput under restrained resource environments. This work demonstrated that, by building immutable and anonymous data provenance into embedded systems, in addition to increasing transparency, trustworthiness, and robustness of operation, it is also possible to lay the foundation for a novel class of secure, decentralized infrastructure monitoring tools suitable for adversarial deployments. Results demonstrate a robustness for deployment into actual applications with high-assured data traceability supported with privacy protection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".