Proportion, etiology, predictors, and clinical outcomes of sepsis in neurosurgical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, with in-hospital mortality rate exceeding 30% in critically ill patients. The increasing burden of sepsis in neurosurgical patients is a complex and poorly understood clinical challenge, underscoring the need for evidence-informed decision-making. This review aims to assess the proportion, etiology, predictors, and clinical outcomes in sepsis in neurosurgical patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines. Databases to be searched include PubMed, Embase, and Scopus from database inception to date. We will include original peer-reviewed articles reporting primary data. Additionally, reference lists of relevant reviews will be screened for additional eligible studies. Two independent reviewers will screen records, extract data, and assess risk of bias using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.00 tool. In meta-analysis, the effect will be measured using proportions, odds ratios, relative risks, or mean differences, with their 95% confidence intervals. The I2 and τ2 will describe heterogeneity. Where applicable, meta-regression, subgroup, and sensitivity analyses will be conducted to explore sources of heterogeneity. About 95% prediction intervals will measure the expected range of the effect in future studies. Ethical approval is not required. Findings are expected to inform more effective treatment guidelines, while also guiding public health strategies through optimized resource allocation, increased investment in prophylactic and postoperative care, and evidence-based policy development. Systematic Review Registration: The protocol has been registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Review (CRD420251088061).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.075 | 0.101 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.025 | 0.032 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.014 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.080 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".