Vesicular and plasma membrane glutamate transporters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian centralnervous system. After exocytotic release from presynaptic nerve terminals,glutamate diffuses across the synaptic cleft and opens postsynaptic ionotropicglutamate receptors, thus depolarizing the postsynaptic neuron. Synaptic activityis terminated by rapid and efficient uptake into surrounding neurons and glialcells. The function of a glutamatergic synapse thus critically depends on twodistinct transport systems: vesicular and plasma membrane glutamatetransporters. Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) accumulate glutamatein synaptic vesicles and determine the amount of released glutamate. Plasmamembrane glutamate transporters (excitatory amino acid transporters, EAATs)clear the synaptic cleft from glutamate, setting the time resolution and energydemand of glutamatergic synaptic signaling. Both classes of glutamatetransporters are not only secondary-active transporters, but also function aschloride channels, with different roles in chloride and glutamate homeostasis.Despite similar transport functions, VGLUTs and EAATs are structurally diverseand employ different molecular mechanisms to overcome the same chemicalchallenges. We here review recent progress in understanding the molecular andcellular biophysics of vesicular glutamate transporters and compare theirproperties with plasma membrane glutamate transporters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".