Inflammatory and Metabolic Markers in Postpartum Dairy Cows Developing Chronic Reproductive Tract Disease: A Case-Control Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated associations of early postpartum sys- temic inflammatory and metabolic markers with different manifestations of chronic reproductive tract inflamma- tory disease (RTID) in Holstein cows. A retrospective case-control study was conducted using data from 1,509 cows in 2 commercial dairy herds in Ontario, Canada. Herds were visited twice weekly, and cows were sampled at 2 and 6 ± 2 DIM to measure serum haptoglobin (Hp), total Ca, and nonesterified fatty acids; at 5, 8, 11, and 15 ± 2 DIM for blood BHB; and at 21 and 35 ± 3 DIM for serum Hp. Cows with a calving-related or clinical disor- der before 35 ± 3 DIM were excluded, and only clinically healthy cows were evaluated (n = 355 primiparous and 548 multiparous). Purulent vaginal discharge (PVD), via Metricheck (Simcro), and endometritis (≥6% PMN in endometrial cytology), via cytobrush, were assessed at 35 ± 3 DIM. Disease status was classified as subclinical endometritis (SCE, endometritis without PVD; n = 147), PVD (PVD without endometritis; n = 64), clinical endo- metritis (CE, endometritis with PVD; n = 73), or healthy controls (no PVD and no endometritis; n = 619). Data were analyzed with multivariable linear regression mod- els with disease status as fixed effects and blood markers as outcomes and logistic regression models with blood markers (continuous scale), parity, and interactions as predictors and disease status (compared with healthy) as outcomes, both including covariates and herd as a random effect. Concentrations of Ca were lower in CE than in SCE, PVD, or healthy at 2 and 6 DIM. Concen- trations of Hp were greater in CE or SCE than in PVD or healthy at 2 and 6 DIM. At 6 DIM, Hp concentration was positively associated with greater odds of SCE or CE, and BHB at 15 DIM with greater odds of SCE or PVD. In primiparous cows only, Ca concentration at 2 DIM was negatively associated with the odds of CE. The present data suggest that transition period maladaptation, characterized based on different markers of systemic in- flammation or metabolic imbalance, predispose cows to develop different manifestations of RTID.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".