Fall of a Democratic State in Afghanistan: An Analysis of Forced Deportation of Afghan Migrants from Pakistan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Due to fall of the government of Islamic republic of Afghanistan and control of the capital, Kabul, by the Taliban regime in 14 Agust 2021, most of the elite community included elected president Mohammad Ashraf Ghani left Kabul toward abroad to prevent concerns of persecution and torture. During the last four decades, millions of Afghan people fled to Pakistan, Iran, India and abroad due to political unrests and civil wars held in Afghanistan. Although, the dispersed refugees took asylum and later resettled in the destination countries as USA, Germany, Canada, Australia and European countries, but majority of them still remains as refugee due to lack of eligible criteria and required documents for the resettlement programs. Additionally, millions of the Afghan nationals displaced within the country and lost their near and dears during the internal conflicts. After the establishment of the government in 2001, estimated four million of Afghan refugees dispersed to Pakistan and Iran voluntarily repatriated back to Afghanistan. The willingly repatriation and rehabilitation program was assisted by the UNHCR and their stakeholders to bring cherish to immigrants’ life in their motherland. Latently, the government of Pakistan formed deportation policy and started forced deportation of millions of Afghan refugees following torture and imprisonment due to lack of legal residing documents. Likewise, thousands of the deported Afghan nationals are the part of previous government, and they face torture or persecution by the ruling regime back in Afghanistan. The paper focuses on the violation of international instruments for the protection of individuals done by the government of Pakistan, similarly analysis the forced deportation of millions of Afghan refugees from Pakistan, and portray the rehabilitation programs either in eastern or southern border part of Afghanistan implemented by the international communities with the collaboration of the government lead by the Islamic emirate in Afghanistan. The literature used for the present paper is based on secondary data include updated news related to deportation of Afghans from Pakistan, latest migration policies of government of Pakistan and published research articles, reports of international communities and government led by the Islamic emirate in Afghanistan on deportation and rehabilitation of afghan refugees from Pakistan.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".