The Relationship Between Paraquat Exposure, Cholinesterase Activity, and Hematological Results Among Sugar Cane Plantation Workers in South Sumatra, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectoral Mediation Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Paraquat is a significant health problem among plantation workers in developing countries.This study analyzed the relationship between pesticide exposure, cholinesterase activity, hemoglobin levels, and oxygen saturation (SpO) as well as the mediating role of cholinesterase activity in workers.An analytical observational study with a crosssectional design was conducted on 90 respondents using random sampling techniques.66.7% of respondents experienced cholinesterase activity inhibition, 64.4% had hemoglobin levels < 13 g/dL, and 38.9% showed SpO values < 95%.Multivariate logistic regression results showed that the use of complete personal protective equipment (PPE) was strongly associated with normal cholinesterase activity (adjusted OR = 56.89;95% CI: 2.58-1256.94).Other significant factors included spraying duration 4 hours/day (adjusted OR = 42.13;95% CI: 2.04-871.99),spraying frequency 2 times/week (adjusted OR = 30.41;95% CI: 1.14-814.96),and spraying time (adjusted OR = 62.77; 95% CI: 2.08-1891.12)(p < 0.05).Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis showed that cholinesterase activity significantly mediated pesticide handling behavior and hemoglobin levels with an indirect effect of = 0.159 (p = 0.003) and a good model fit index (RMSEA = 0.045).These results indicate that cholinesterase inhibition is a biological pathway of paraquat exposure with hematological disorders.Limitations include the cross-sectional design, which does not allow causal inference, sample size, and limitations in generalizing to the worker population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".