The global Horus study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Global HORUS study aimed to determine how widespread atherosclerosis was in a large sample of mummified individuals. Adult mummies housed in 29 different museums and collections from around the world were studied with whole body CT scanning and were systematically reviewed for atherosclerotic arterial calcifications, interpreting by consensus. Sex and estimates of age at the time of death were established by participating bioarcheologists. Era of antiquity was obtained from museum records and, in 34 cases, from carbon-14 dating. Calcification in the wall of an identifiable artery was considered definite atherosclerosis and calcification along the expected course of an artery was considered probable atherosclerosis. Mummified remains derived from 7 different ancient populations (ancient Egyptians, ancient lowland Peruvians, ancient highland Andean, 19th century Unangan/Aleutian Islanders, 16th century Inuit, ancestral Puebloan, Middle-Ages Mongolian, plus a 19th century African American and an Indigenous Australian; females 36%, mean estimated age-at-death 40y) were examined. Definite or probable atherosclerosis was seen in 97 individuals (39%). Atherosclerotic calcifications were more common in longer-lived individuals (p<0.05) and were found in similar frequencies in Egyptians vs. non-Egyptians and in males vs. females.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".