Bibliographic record
Abstract
Deep features have become a standard in many object-tracking frameworks, replacing traditional handcrafted methods for object representation. However, recent studies have shown that deep features do not outperform handcrafted features in matching under occlusion or re-identification. Many trackers are trained using standard benchmarks under ideal conditions, but they degrade significantly in real-world settings because features deteriorate over time. These features affect the similarity distance and can lead to identity switches. Thus, we propose two novel tracking approaches using only handcrafted features and an extended variant, Contextual Cross Attention Feature Fusion (CCAFF). Both methods use a class-level codebook to capture keypoint cues for feature representation. We evaluate identity preservation for both feature sets using objects under severe occlusion. The CCAFF feature embedding demonstrates an improvement across all metrics on the HOOT dataset with a 4.63% increase in IDF1 score while decreasing identity switches by 7.78% compared to the baseline model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".