Assessing the Network Security Threats Posed by Unregulated Free Live Streaming Services
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Free live sports streaming sites (FLSs), which operate in legal gray areas and attract millions of viewers monthly, present a complex landscape of security and privacy risks. During UEFA Euro 2024, we conducted a one-month study of popular aggregator sites to quantify the security and privacy threats users face. Our analysis of over 370 unique FLSs uncovered numerous instances of malicious JavaScript, adware, blacklisted sites, and drive-by downloads, along with the use of cookies to track users and redirect them to malicious websites. Additionally, we identified several phishing websites active during the event that had not yet been flagged by Google’s Safe Browsing Lists. With over 17.5% of these aggregators attracting more than 10 million monthly views, our findings highlights the urgent need for increased user awareness and protective measures within this rapidly evolving online ecosystem.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".