Comparison of the Effectiveness of Ultrasound-Guided Knee Injections of a Combination of Ozone and Steroid with Ozone Alone in Patients with Primary Knee Osteoarthritis: A Prospective and Randomized Clinical Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent rheumatic disease in India, affecting 22%–39% of the population. Nearly 45% of women over 65 have symptoms, while radiological evidence is found in 70% of those over 65. Ozone therapy, applied topically, infiltratively, or systemically, is effective in treating OA and other musculoskeletal diseases. Objectives: The primary objective of this pilot study is to test the hypothesis that there are statistically significant differences in pain relief and functional recovery of daily activities between ultrasound-assisted knee injections of ozone and steroid versus ozone alone, as measured by validated scoring scales. Materials and Methods: The cohort comprises 80 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II between the ages of 45 and 70 years of either sex with primary knee OA with radiographic evidence (Grades 0, 1, and 2; Lawrence and Kellgren radiological criteria) of severity of the knee joint. The patients were randomized to receive a single ultrasound-assisted knee injection of either ozone alone or a combination of ozone with steroids. All patients were assessed using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) Index and the visual analog pain scale (VAS) at 1, 3, and 6 months of follow-up. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows software was used for data management and statistical analysis. The level of significance was set at 0.05 for all statistical tests. Results: Pain in both ultrasound-assisted ozone-steroid and ozone-only groups improved from baseline at 1 month. The ozone-steroid group showed significantly greater WOMAC and VAS improvement at 6 months. Conclusion: Ultrasound-assisted ozone therapy, with or without steroids, effectively relieved pain and improved function in knee OA patients at 6 months.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".