Change Analysis of Palm Trees Using Geospatial Techniques in West of the Ziban, Algeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aims to monitor the evolution of the date palm area in the western region of Ziban, Algeria over a period of 43 years (1977-2020) using remote sensing and geographic information systems. Six Landsat satellite images were analysed to derive the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) using ENVI software. The changes in palm grove area (Loss/Gain) were then detected using ArcGIS software. The results indicate a five-fold increase in palm grove area since the 1977s, with slight evolution in date palm plantations followed by a large jump after 1995. The palm grove has undergone significant modification, as seen on the change map, which indicates that most of the study area gained 86.99 km 2 . The main drivers behind this expansion are the economic attractiveness of the date palm variety, government support for agriculture in recent decades, and the availability of groundwater. However, this increase is accompanied by a significant decrease in the level of groundwater, which is the only source of irrigation for the palm groves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.015 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".