SPOT Imagery Observation on Mangrove Changes Using NDVI Density Analysis: The Case of Sepang Besar River, Malaysia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mangrove forests are confined by river basins and play a role as a hotspot of biodiversity while acting to prevent erosion in the river-coastal system. However, mangroves are changing rapidly at present, driven by urbanization and land use land cover transformation. Similar to other types of vegetation, the mangrove has a unique spectral characteristic that can be distinguished by remote sensing technology. Vegetation indices has been utilized for mangrove change detection and SPOT imagery provide the right spectral and spatial resolution in achieving it. The present study aimed to examine the changes of vegetation index density classes of primary mangrove areas between the year 2009 and 2019 in Sungai Sepang Besar, Sepang Malaysia. The process includes image acquisition, accuracy assessment, ground truthing, and NDVI density analysis. The results show changes in density, types and total areas of mangroves that relate to rapid urbanization and substantial land use transformation of the surrounding areas for the past 25 years.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".