Between a Rock and a Softer Place: Cartel Settlements in Australia and Canada
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The concept of defendants in cartel cases making admissions, outside of immunity programs, is relatively undeveloped, except in the US. However, as the number of cartels under investigation has increased (due to the signifi cant increase in penalties and the offer of full immunity to the fi rst whistleblower to come forward and cooperate with the regulator) and the time and resources that must be deployed in a full adversarial disposition of a case makes litigation impractical in most cases, both regulators and defendants are seeking ways to expeditiously resolve disputes through settlements or leniency deals. The release of a number of important policy discussion papers and the recent adoption of a formal settlement process in the European Commission, suggest there is momentum for change. This paper discusses the risks and benefi ts of the use of such procedures and then moves to a comparison of the approaches to leniency in Canada and Australia. It is an opportune moment for such a comparison because both jurisdictions have similar legal and institutional arrangements and have recently passed similar important amendments to their cartel laws. The Canadian regulator seized the moment and embraced policies designed to encourage defendants to cooperate in exchange for leniency. In contrast, the Australian regulator passed up its chance, preferring to retain its discretion and reject the notion that it will openly cut deals. This paper argues that the ACCC should take seriously its Canadian counterpart’s response and reconsider its approach
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it