Sweet deception: exploring erythritol formulations for management of <i>Drosophila suzukii</i> (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in berry crops
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), poses a significant threat to berry crops and requires sustainable management strategies. This study evaluated the efficacy of macroformulation mixtures of the sugar alcohol erythritol and two matrix materials, gum Arabic and maltodextrin, as a control agent for D. suzukii under semi-field settings. This study included 8 experiments to assess the efficacy and nontarget impacts of erythritol macroformulations. Experiments 1 and 3 compared the toxicity of erythritol macroformulations to the insecticide Delegate on blueberries and raspberries, respectively. Experiment 2 investigated dose-dependent toxicity on blueberries. Experiments 4, 5, and 6 focused on residual toxicity, with field and laboratory trials up to 4 wk postapplication. Experiment 7 examined the antifungal properties of the formulations on Botrytis cinerea, while experiment 8 assessed toxicity to bumblebees. Initial tests demonstrated that a 2 M concentration of erythritol was as effective as the insecticide Delegate, and subsequent trials demonstrated a concentration-dependent reduction in D. suzukii emergence, with 1 M erythritol showing optimal control, though less than the synthetic insecticide Delegate (spinetoram). Erythritol was effective in both blueberries and raspberries, particularly in semienclosed environments. Residual activity was limited, but macroformulations may enhance persistence. Erythritol exhibited moderate toxicity to bumblebees, primarily through topical contact. Gum Arabic and maltodextrin formulations showed antifungal activity. The addition of erythritol to Arabic and maltodextrin reduced antifungal activity, though maltodextrin-erythritol showed some antifungal synergy. These findings suggest erythritol, particularly when delivered in macroformulations, offers a promising, food-safe D. suzukii control option but requires careful application to minimize nontarget impacts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".