Feeding frost-damaged or non-frost-damaged, hulled or dehulled, mid- or low-tannin faba bean on diet nutrient digestibility and growth performance of weaned pigs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In cool climates with a short cropping season, faba bean production can be affected by frost. Crop fall frost damage is not uniform, causing blackening in the upper part of the plant. Naturally occurring tannins in faba bean, concentrated on the outer hull, confer field frost tolerance but may reduce starch and protein digestibility. The quality of frost-damaged faba bean may be improved by optical color sorting to segregate blackened beans and dehulling to remove the hull tannins. Therefore, a frost-damaged low-tannin cultivar (Snowbird) was color-sorted into frost-damaged (blackened-colored) and non-frost-damaged (tan-colored). A mid-tannin cultivar (Florent) that was not frost-damaged served as control. One-half of each cultivar sample was dehulled. In a randomized complete block design, 240 pigs (8.9 ± 1.2 kg) housed 4 per pen were fed 1 of 6 diets: (1) Snowbird, (2) dehulled Snowbird, (3) frost-damaged Snowbird, (4) dehulled, frost-damaged Snowbird, (5) Florent, or (6) dehulled Florent. Diets including 20% in phase 1 and 30% faba bean in phase 2 were fed over two 14-day (d) growth phases. Individual pigs, feed added to pen feeders, and non-consumed orts were weighed weekly. Pen fecal grab samples were collected on d 12, 13, 26 and 27. Tannin content averaged 0.74% in Snowbird and 1.02% in Florent. Color sorting separated >80% of beans blackened by frost with a 12% lighter specific weight than non-frost-damaged, tan-colored beans. Feeding diets including frost- vs. non-frost-damaged Snowbird did not reduce the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) or digestible energy (DE) and predicted net energy (NE) values or growth performance in weaned pigs. Regardless of dehulling, feeding diets including low- vs. mid-tannin faba bean increased (P < 0.005) the ATTD of DM, GE and CP for both phases by an average 2.1%. Feeding diets including dehulled vs. hulled beans increased (P < 0.05) the ATTD of DM, GE and DE and NE values for both phases by an average 2.5%. Feeding diets including mid- vs. low-tannin or dehulled vs. hulled faba bean increased (P < 0.05) overall gain-to-feed (G: F) ratio by an average 2.0%. In conclusion, feeding diets including frost-damaged Snowbird did not reduce diet nutrient digestibility or growth performance in weaned pigs. Regardless of cultivar or frost damage, dehulling faba bean increased diet nutrient digestibility and overall trial G: F ratio.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".