Phylogeography and current and future potential distribution of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae), a mosquito involved in the transmission of West Nile virus.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the genetic diversity, population structure, and current and future potential distribution of Culex tarsalis, a vector of West Nile virus (WNV). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 406 mitochondrial COI sequences to estimate genetic diversity (Hd, π), population structure (AMOVA, STRUCTURE, DAPC), and neutrality (Tajima's D). Ecological niche modeling (ENM) was conducted under current and future climate scenarios. RESULTS: A total of 120 haplotypes were identified, with the highest diversity in the United States, suggesting it as the probable origin of the species. Global and regional Tajima's D values were significantly negative, indicating demographic expansion or selection. Three main genetic clusters were identified, corresponding to the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Ecological models projected potential expansion toward arid and temperate zones on several continents under future climate conditions. CONCLUSION: C. tarsalis shows high genetic diversity, structured populations, and a wide climatic tolerance that could favor global spread. Strengthened biosecurity and entomological surveillance at major ports are recommended to prevent its dispersal.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".