Two-Stage Fine-Tuning for Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models via Retriever and Prompt Optimization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) effectively enhances large language models (LLMs) with external knowledge for more factual and accurate outputs. However, existing RAG methods often rely on manually crafted prompts or full fine-tuning, which can impair LLM generalization and increase computational costs. To provide a more parameter-efficient and empirically grounded alternative, we adopt a two-stage fine-tuning strategy that improves RAG efficiency while helping to preserve LLM capabilities. In the first stage, the retriever is fully fine-tuned to boost retrieval precision. In the second stage, a prompt-tuning module is introduced for the generator, inserting trainable virtual tokens between retrieved documents and the query to guide knowledge utilization without altering model parameters. Using E5-Base as the retriever and LLaMA-2-7B as the generator, our method is trained on MS MARCO and evaluated on five QA benchmarks. Experiments show consistent gains in EM and F1, confirming the practical effectiveness, generalizability, and parameter efficiency of our approach. While conceptually simple, this framework empirically demonstrates the strong synergy between retriever fine-tuning and prompt-based generator adaptation, offering a scalable, plug-and-play recipe for RAG enhancement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".