Performance Assessment of a Novel Drain Water Heat Recovery-Coupled Shallow Ground Source Heat Pump System in a Cold Climate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In the Canadian context, the residential sector was the third largest end-use energy consumer in 2021, contributing 12.3% of the total emissions. Approximately 80% of the residential sector’s energy was used for space and water heating, primarily sourced from fossil fuels, underscoring the need to develop cleaner and more efficient building energy systems. This study examines the opportunities to enhance the performance of a shallow ground source heat pump (GSHP) system by recovering heat from drain water that would otherwise have been wasted. A mixed numerical-analytical approach is used to evaluate the 5-year long-term performance of an energy pile-based hybrid GSHP system coupled with drain water heat recovery. The energy piles are modelled using a computational fluid dynamics tool coupled with analytical models for the recovery heat exchanger and the heat pump. To evaluate the realistic long-term performance, a building energy load profile for an 84,360 ft2, 10-storey high-rise apartment building with a peak heating load of 376 kW and a peak cooling load of 176 kW is coupled with the model. The results show that integrating drain water heat recovery with the heat pump improves the subsurface thermal environment, making it sustainable for safe and continuous operation of the heat pump. Moreover, the additional heat from the drain water improves the overall energy performance of the heat pump by 8.2%. The recovery system demonstrates high performance, recovering approximately 77% of the initial energy used to produce domestic hot water, which would have otherwise been wasted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".