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Outcomes of heart failure with reduced, mildly reduced, or preserved ejection fraction: the ESC HF III registry
L H L Lund, Aldo P Maggioni, M. Crespo-Leiro, Israel Gotsman, Eleonora Vataman, Lucica Grigorică, Duška Glavaš, Dulce A Brito, Stefan Anker, Ovidiu Chioncel, G Filippatos, Mitja J. Lainscak, Theresa A McDonagh, Alexandre Mebazaa, Massimo Francesco Piepoli, Frank Ruschitzka, Gianluigi Savarese, Petar M Seferović, Marco Metra, Giuseppe Rosano, the ESC EORP HF III National Leaders and Investigators, A Vahanian, A Budaj, N Dagres, N Danchin, V Delgado, J Emberson, O Friberg, C P Gale, G Heyndrickx, B Iung, S James, A P Kappetein, A P Maggioni, N Maniadakis, K V Nagy, G Parati, A-S Petronio, M Pietila, E Prescott, F Ruschitzka, F Van de Werf, F Weidinger, U Zeymer, B Beleslin, O Chioncel, D Erlinge, M Glikson, A Gray, M Kayikcioglu, A Nedoshivin, A-P Petronio, J W Roos-Hesselink, L Wallentin, B A Popescu, D Adlam, A L P Caforio, D Capodanno, M Dweck, Laurent Fauchier, Marek Gierlotka, Tina Hansen, J Hausleiter, P Ludman, L H Lund, Julien Magne, S Matskeplishvili, B Meder, Julinda Mehilli, D Neglia, A A Pasquet, Eva Prescott, F J Rossello, S M Shaheen, A Torbica, C Bouleti, L Fauchier, M Gilard, J Magne, T Pilgrim, J Rossello, AvTimoteo, Andrew Coats, Ahmed Bennis, Andrejs Erglis, Alena Kurlianskaya, Amina Rakisheva, A. Simms, Barnabas Gellen, Bela Merkely, Candida Fonseca, Daniela Cassar Demarco, Eva Goncalvesova, Elizabeta Srbinovska Kostovska, Erkin Mirrakhimov, Gani Bajraktari, Grigorios Giamouzis, Artan Goda, Gulnaz Dadashova, Hadi Skouri, Heli Tolppanen, José Manuel García Pinilla, Lars Lysgaard Gullestad, Leonid Voronkov, Magdy Abdelhamid, Micha T. Maeder, Morten Schou, Miloš Táborský, Mikheil Tsverava, Petra Van Pol, Plamen Gatzov, Rudolf Berger, STEFAN STOERK, Timur Abdullaev, Tiina Uuetoa, Vassilis I. Barberis, Vyacheslav Mareev, Wachter Rolf, Walter Droogné, Yuksel Cavusoglu, S Benkhedda, D Djermane, M Baouni, F Benouareth, K Mouzaoui, N Dahimene, S Mansouri, F Kerkouri, A Chibane, M Djouhri, S Benferhat, L Talbi, Y Bouhouita-Guermech, R Benkouar, A Boudrifa, H Elnaajer, K Bouasria, O Kassoul, Y Tir, D-E Nibouche, A Sik, A Bounah, N Hammoudi, G Sofiane, M Bouame, A Sayah, E Tebbache, A Kachenoura, F Daimellah, M T C Bouafia, N Dammene Debbih, W Takdemt, T Manukyan, L Tumasyan, A Chilingaryan, A Stepanyan, L Tunyan, H Hayrapetyan, K Azaryan, M Tadevosyan, H Poghosyan, H Sisakian, G Martirosyan, L Sahakyan, M Hovhannisyan, S Pepoyan, A Kurlianskaya, D Salauyou, A Kozyrava, O Shatova, T Troyanova-Shchutskaia, M Vanderheyden, A. Moya, H Batjoens, A.-C. Pouleur, O Gurne, E Tshilanda, F Severino, W Mullens, M Dupont, S Christiaens, C Claes, S Lenaerts, D Derthoo, M Dumoulein, S Naessens, I Senesael, M De Coninck, W Droogne, E Sels, V Servaes, P Troisfontaines, E Hoffer, M Melissopoulou, D Malmendier, M Massoz, S Jacquet, V Dinraths, E Begic, A Mujakovic, A Subo, A Selimagic, F Custovic, D Mackic, E Dzambasovic-Karaselimovic, A Cehajic, A Djozic, A Biscevic-Obradovic, F Kadic, E Hrvat, I Kurbasic, M Tuce, A Durak-Nalbantic, A Dzubur, E Jahic, S Sokolovic, Z Gljiva Gogic, K Aganovic, F Zvizdic, A Begic, N Resic, E Hodzic, M Halilcevic, M Vucijak Grgurevic, N Hadžibegic, N Sabanovic Bajramovic, S Miseljic, E Smajic, Z Kušljugic, L Dizdarevic-Hudic, K Kovacevic, D Loncar, M Kovacevic, M Selimovic, U Pajic, I Hudic, A Avdic, A Bijedic, A Brkic, D Mršic, E Becirovic, I Bijedic, J Djelmic, M Ejubovic, L Pojskic, E Ramic, M Sammak, H Selimovic, E Stimjanin, M Sut, H Torlak, I Bisco, D Bogicevic, A Brkovic, R Salgado, A. Silva, B Azeredo, D De Souza, I Couri, L Salgado, M Tokmakova, D Jovanovska, N Runev, B Stoimenov, E Manov, R Pancheva, V Kolev, V Mincheva, V Tsanova, O Eftimova, I Gruev, M Mintchev, V Stoyanovski, T Petrusheva, V Persic, M Barisic, D Raljevic, D Milicic, J A Borovac, T Zaninovic Jurjevic, J Sikic, K Pesek, S Roginic, N Borsic, T Friscic, Z Planinic, T Christodoulides, S Kakoulli, V Barberis, T Michaelidou, H Hasan-Ali, M Abdel Ghany, A Halim, S Dimitry, P P S Selwanos, M Hassan, A-S M Sabry, Y A Abdelhady Ahmed, T Osman, M Eshak, M El Sayed, K Menyawi, A Roshdy, W El Kilany, A Abdeltawab, A R El Sayed, O Botrous, A El Bagoury, A Samir, H Kandil, M Hosny, M Abdelghany, M Abdelhamid, M K Shokry, S Essam, A Kamal, H Ammar, A Kamel, A Magdy, H Elnesr, M Amin, M M Yousif, A H Eladawy, M F Areed, M H Abdelnabi, A G Mahmoud, M F Abdelrahman, A Elbahry, A Saad, M Ali, T Uuetoa, S Udalova, T Anier, S Viks, B Veermäe, H Tolppanen, K Oksaharju, N Mewton, A Jobbé Duval, C Boiteux, C Bergerot, G Baudry, L Sebbag, M Buisson, D Mohamed-Said, F El Harrane, M Koenig, N El-Jonhy, A Galat, D Bodez, C Chalard, F Djelaili, S Guendouz, S Oghina, T Damy, M Idjellidaine, M Kharoubi, N Djefel, Y Sellah, R. Pilato, J Inamo, A Monfort, N Ozier-Lafontaine, D Guijarro, T Fourme, A Monard, P Bouheret, M Salvat, A Boignard, C Augier, C Casset, M Maurin, E Plan, D Pollet, P Jourdain, E Berthelot, M T Bailly, N Hrynchyshyn, G Leprun, B Livarek, J.-L. Georges, N Baron, C Charbonnel, J-B Azowa, C Bachelet, P Cloitre, P Poret, S. Braun, O Zid, G Kabalu, A Denizet Mulocher, C Bros, C Dericbourg, C Saint Andre, E Lefebvre, J-F Laine, G Terrien, J-C Amirault, D Lecuyer, M Rousseau, F Beauvais, A Cohen-Solal, D Logeart, N Bennacer, B Gellen, JM. Tartiere, F Challal, F Fellini, R Landes, A Elkeurti, C Genin, P Armangau, V Gardan, M Galinier, O Lairez, J Roncalli, C Biendel, C Delmas, C Delon, E Cariou, P Fournier, R Itier, A Karavidas, D Balta, C Mandila, E Velaoras, I N Karavidas, L Michalis, K Naka, A Bechlioulis, L Lakkas, A Rammos, I Dimou, C Karvounis, M-A Bazbani, B Merkely, A Kosztin, N Nyolczas, D Vagany, I Juhasz, S Papp, M Szabo, E Szogi, A Pálinkás, I Szoko Csaszar, I Juhasz Nagy, S Rostásné Toth, T Habon, M Rabai, R Halmosi, R Gal, L Illes, S Kovacsne Levang, H Ali Farhan, I F Yaseen, E Radzishevsky, O Ezra, T Levinas, I Nordkin, S Benyamin, Tel M Laufer-Perel, A Milwidsky, B Sadeh, D Wexler, O Havakuk, Y Arbel, M Revivo, S Sadon, M Metra, L Italia, L. Rossi, Cassano Delle A Passantino, R Carbonara, C Rizzo, R La Gioia, M Milli, F Grossi, N D Brunetti, A Mallardi, M Correale, M Penco, G Patti, S Romano, R Petroni, E Salustri, S Minardi, S Scalvini, E Zanelli, A Olivares, P Agostoni, M Doldi, E Salvioni, P Gugliandolo, A Frisinghelli, C Calloni, C Cadeddu Dessalvi, M Deidda, A Peccianti, D Cocco, E Garau, A Cittadini, A Salzano, F Giallauria, G Crisci, R Lucci, A M Marra, V Valente, R D´assante, P Perrone-Filardi, P Gargiulo, S Paolillo, L Bardi, S Dellaversana, G Novo, A Ferlisi, D Adorno, E Bonni, E Corrado, F Sabatino, S Novo, M F Piepoli, B Matrone, G Halasz, L Moderato, V Pelizzoni, M Mancone, C Miotti, E Pagliaroli, M Magnocavallo, San Vito Al D Pavan, T Durat, V D’Onofrio, A Gardin, G Ganci, F Martinis, N Pezzutto, S Maier, G Sinagra, M Merlo, L Restivo, F Ramani, D Miani, M Baldassi, M Driussi, F L Ribichini, L Maritan, M Cicoira, M Lia, M Setti, M De Stefano, B Zholdin, G Mamedova, R Iznatova, Y Sim, R Tuleutayev, A Nurmukhambetova, I Yakupova, D Urazbekov, N Aidargaliyeva, A Akanova, A Makhmudova, A Tleules, G Nurbekova, M Akilbekova, S Nurlybai, A Aizhan, A Rakisheva, A Illyassova, A Dzholdasbekova, Z Ismagulova, A Kassenova, M Alkenova, E Mirrakhimov, K Neronova, J Esenbekova, D Zaliaduonyte, J Laukaitiene, J Borkyte, A Mazutaviciute, R Norvilaite, J Celutkiene, E Paleviciute, J Simonavicius, L Gedvilaite, M Laukyte, E Lycholip, T Simbelyte, R G Xuereb, S Xuereb, W Camilleri, M Farrugia, J Fleri Soler, L-L Buttigieg, A M Moore, D Cassar Demarco, C Attard, M Vella, I Grech, R Bonnici, R Buhagiar, G Buhagiar, T Farrugia, M O De Los Rios Ibarra, A Z Baños Velasco, F M Vizcaíno Rios, A Mendez, A. Alvarez, C Guizar, S Leon Gonzalez, L Resendiz-Barron, D Bursacovschi, D Lisii, E Paraniuc, J Cazacu, M Dogot, N Botnari, L Grib, S Filimon, E Samohvalov, L Purteanu, A Grivenco, V Revenco, I Cabac-Pogorevici, I Cojuhari, A Bennis, S Chraibi, A El Makhlouf, S Ferhi, S Soulami, N Mouine, A Moustaghfir, K Adnan, C Bencheqroun, G Abidi, H Elmousalami, S Hajib, L Bouzoubaa, M Ghita, I Nassiri, S Abderrazak, Z Benchaouia, G Benhayoune, N Boughaidi, D Ghellab, A Sourat, B Menebhi, M Bensaoud, A El Ouazzani, A Lachhab, A Zakaria, F El Idrani, H Lachhab, N Elouafi, A Hbali, G Elmazani, I Alla, S Ztot, M Najat, B E El Younassi, I Asfalou, L Chami, M Raissouni, S Abdelali, A Benthami, A Drissi Kacemi, S Essadki, A Louali, K Bennis, Y Lididi, R Bouhouch, R Mesbahi, S Bouzidi Belmajdoub, I Ukpeh, R Basake, E-O Akpan, E Emmanuel, O Mbang, North M Gjerakaroska Radovikj, E Srbinovska Kostovska, I Mitevska Peovska, L Poposka, G Hogalmen, M German, L Lysgaard Gullestad, C Holt Bendz, O Haugene, E Bjorkelund, K Mizia-Stec, K Bula, J Nessler, A Gackowski, A Siniarski, M Kabat, P Rubis, A Karabinowska, E Dziewiecka, S Wisniowska-Smialek, M Lelonek, A Cieslak, A Klaus, J Szulc, K Drazek, K. Nguyen, M Kiedrowska, A Bielecka-Dabrowa, M Pyziak Stepien, M Rybak, P Leczycki, P Chrusciel, A Wittczak, M Banach, A Chuda, A Szwedzinska, M Rembek Wieliczko, D Mrozowska, F Pawliczak, J Lewek, M Maciejewski, A Cichocka-Radwan, A Bikiewicz, K Janikowski, J Szponar, A Kujawa, A Sutkowska, B Cebulak, K Pirog, J Wieczorek, M Suchecka, S Goliszek, M Gierlotka, E Cierpiala, J Bugajski, J Plonka, K Rekucki, E Straburzynska-Migaj, D Budzynski, M Gasiorowski, M. Dudek, G Skonieczny, A Dolacinska, A Metzgier Gumiela, A Stawicka, M Rolirad, A Kaplon-Cieslicka, M Wawrzacz, K Ozieranski, M Kleszczewska, A Tyminska, R J Gil, A Pawlak, M Wozniak, M Pietraszek, A Nazaruk, A Bobel, A Smolarczyk, D Wiligorska, D Ziecik, J Latek, K Byczkowska, P Leszek, J Urbanowski, N Wiligorska, Z Kalarus, T Kukulski, A Swiatkowski, M Szulik, N Kandora, Zielona P Jesionowski, T Zemleduch, A Kasperowicz, K Sosinska, A Camacho, R. ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2258-3262 Fernandes, H Costa, C Tavares Aguiar, A Tralhão, A Ventosa, C Brízido, C Strong, B Rocha, G Cunha, Dulce Brito, A Nunes-Ferreira, I Aguiar Ricardo, R Santos, S Pereira, T Rodrigues, J Agostinho, J Brito, J Rigueira, N Cunha, P António, P Morais, D Cravo, C. Fonseca, C Rodrigues, I Araujo, J Presume, M Proenca, S Maltes, B Moura, E Barreira, P Janeira, C Ferrao, J Silva-Cardoso, A. Sousa, B Mena, X Resende, M Fonseca, M Braga, M Campelo, E Moreira, P Araújo, P Diogo, R. Pinto, S Amorim, Baia C Pop, A Iosip, C-J Sinescu, N Avram, D G Baltag, N Samoila, M Dorobantu, A Scafa Udriste, A Scarlatescu, N Oprescu, O Fronea Gheorghe, L Antohi, O Geavlete, I-C Daha, S Bari, C Delcea, D C Ciuculete, I Lupasteanu, C Stanescu, A Vijan, C Militaru, A Giuca, G C Moise, E G Pascu, L Grigorica, C Corciova, Targu T Benedek, M Chitu, N Rat, R Hodas, D Opincariu, I S Benedek, D Lighezan, A C Florea, R Buzas, V Ivan, Russian A Molchanova, M Piskareva, E Bulgakova, E Kudryashova, A Galyavich, L Baleeva, Z Galeeva, A Fendrikova, V Skibitskiy, Z Sokaeva, V Babayan, N Spiropulos, E V Resnik, A I Kovaleva, M S Komissarova, V A Lazarev, V Larina, Y Belenkov, Y Danilogorskaya, E Zheleznykh, E Privalova, I Ilgisonis, V Kaplunova, M Kozhevnikova, G Shakaryants, A Shchendrygina, A Yusupova, V Zektser, Z Kobalava, E Shavarova, L Karapetyan, G Gendlin, A Melekhov, I Zakharova, M Kuznetsova, M Yunyaeva, G. Arutyunov, A Arutyunov, R Muradyan, S Golitsyn, E Gupalo, N Mironova, O Drapkina, R Myasnikov, T Pavlunina, V Dindikova, Y Mareev, E Andreenko, K Krupychka, M Kudryavtseva, O Kulikova, I Orlova, J Begrambekova, Nizhny N Vinogradova, I Fomin, N Koziolova, A Veclich, P Karavaev, A Chesnikova, O Kolomatskaya, V Gavrina, E Smirnova, A Karakiyan, I Budanova, M Sitnikova, A Kuular, M Trukshina, T Lelyavina, D Duplyakov, E Zorina, R Chernitsov, A Sergeeva, A Garganeeva, O Tukish, K Kopeva, V Aleksandrenko, A Surminova, A Tsareva, T Musurok, A Garkusha, A D Ristic, B Ivanovic, D Simic, M Ašanin, P M Seferovic, J Simic, V Kovacevic, G Krljanac, D. Matic, M Mihailovic, M Ostojic, M Polovina, M Tesic, D Djikic, D Simeunovic, I Petrovic Djordjevic, I Veljic, I Milinkovic, K Andjelkovic, A Uscumlic, D Sacic, M Dekleva Manojlovic, S Veljkovic, D Stefanovic, J Stevic, S Hinic, M Zdravkovic, A Dokovic, J Djokic, V Mudrenovic, V Popadic, S Klasnja, S Radovanovic, M Radovanovic, V Celic, A Ilic, N Blagojevic, D Bosnjakovic, D Toncev, Niš: S Apostolovic, D Stanojevic, S Milutinovic, Niska B Ilic, M Deljanin Ilic, L Nikolic, M Stojanovic, D Petrovic, D Simonovic, S Šaric, D Hristov, Sremska I Srdanovic, J Dejanovic, T Popov, S Cemerlic Maksimovic, S Dimic, S Keca, V Drljavic, D Bogdanovic, I Popov, J Pavic Poljak, E Goncalvesova, M Luknár, P Solik, M Pytliak, P Bojcík, M L Mitja Lainscak, N Cmor, E Dora, L Majc Hodoscek, A Vogrincic Cernezel, B Leskovar, T Furlan, A Milanovic, K Vrbinc Vrtek, S Poznic, V Grilj, M Režun, V Martinez Mateo, M J Fernandez Anguita, C Ortiz Cortés, A Valle Muñoz, H Morillas Climent, J Seller Moya, S Darnés Soler, S Cudini, S López Fernández, L Jordán Martínez, F Bermúdez Jiménez, La M Crespo Leiro, D Couto Mallon, E Barge Caballero, G Barge Caballero, M J Paniagua Martin, P Pardo Martinez, C Naya Leira, C Riveiro Rodriguez, M Martinez Castro, P Blanco Canosa, Z Grille Cancela, J M Garcia Pinilla, A Robles Mezcua, A Rodriguez Cordoba, C Cruzado Alvarez, L Morcillo Hidalgo, P Marquez Camas, A I Perez Cabeza, P Redondo-Gomez, M Robles Mezcua, J L Bonilla Palomas, M Nygren, G Savarese, C Hage, E Jonsson, E Ottenblad, F Granstrom, H Lundberg, K Karlsson, Syrian Arab Y Bani Marjeh, A Abdin, F Alhussein, F Mgazeel, F Yavuz, A Karakus, Alanya A Coner, S Akinci, B Demirkan, O Akkus, A Genc, F O Arican Ozluk, H Harbalioglu, Y Cavusoglu, E Babayigit, E Sener, E I Yuce, H Altay, Ö Yildirimtürk, C Altin, B Kilicaslan, B Unal, H Acet, N Cetin, C Burak, D Karacimen, A Agacdiken Agir, Y U Celikyurt, A Celik, E. Sahin, O Sakarya, M Demir, O Basaran, A E Atas, O Khaniukov, I Vakaliuk, I Drapchak, V Sovtus, N Tymochko, O Prytuliak, V Tseluyko, N Matviichuk, M Kopytsya, T Storozhenko, I Rudyk, O Medentseva, D Babichev, L Voronkov, A Liashenko, I Rudenko, K Lazareva, N Sishkina, A Honcharuk, O Vasylenko, Y Antoniuk, M Dolzhenko, L Hrubyak, L Lobach, T Simagina, S Kozhuhov, N Dovganych, N Thor, M Danko, O Yarynkina, O Bazyka, A Parkhomenko, A Stepura, D Bilyi, O Irkin, O Dovhan, V Batushkin, D Poddyachaya, O Zharinov, B Todurov, I Lischuk, K Rudenko, V Zhebel, I Pashkova, L Sursaieva, Krivoy V Potabashniy, V Fesenko, O Markova, O Kniazieva, O Berezin, O Kremzer, United M Aldwaik, A Bolger, R Manley, V Garvey, T Abdullaev, S Mirzarakhimova, A Rasulov, A Karimov, H Gulomov, I Tsoy, R Kurbanova, R Bekbulatova, U Kamilova, D Tagaeva
Bibliographic record
VenueEuropean Heart Journal · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicHeart Failure Treatment and Management
Canadian institutionsSurgical Specialties (Canada)Health Care Foundation
FundersAlnylam PharmaceuticalsBristol-Myers Squibb CanadaMicroPortInnosuisse - Schweizerische Agentur für InnovationsförderungDaiichi Sankyo EuropeAbbott DiagnosticsBayerServierNovartis PharmaUniversität ZürichNovo NordiskSanofiAbiomedAbbott VascularZOLL Medical CorporationAstraZenecaAmarin CorporationHamilton Health SciencesBoston Scientific CorporationStrongBoehringer Ingelheim EspañaBristol-Myers SquibbEdwards LifesciencesAmgenPfizer
KeywordsHeart failureHeart failure with preserved ejection fractionEjection fractionStroke volumeCardiovascular eventCause of death
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To assess in-hospital and 1-year cause-specific outcomes in the contemporary European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Heart Failure (HF) III Registry. METHODS: Patients were enrolled in European or ESC affiliated countries and characterized in detail regarding clinical characteristics and cause-specific outcomes. RESULTS: Between 1 November 2018 and 31 December 2020, 10,162 patients were enrolled from 220 centres in 41 countries. Of these, 39% had acute HF ('AHF', age 70 [62-79] years, 36% women) and 61% had out-patient visit for HF ['out-patient HF', age 66 (58-75) years, 33% women]. Overall, 58% had HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), 17% HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF), and 25% HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). In AHF, median [interquartile range (IQR)] duration of hospitalization was 9 (6-14) days, and 5.1% died in hospital (HFrEF 5.2%; HFmrEF 4.8%, HFpEF 3.4%). In AHF discharged alive and in out-patient HF, after a median (IQR) follow-up of 376 (360-432) days, all-cause, cardiovascular (CV), and unknown-cause mortality rates per 100 patient-years were as follows: AHF HFrEF: 19, 13, and 3.0 per 100 patient-years. The corresponding numbers were in AHF HFmrEF: 22, 11, and 6.3; AHF HFpEF: 16, 7.0, and 4.7; out-patient HFrEF: 6.6, 4.3, and 0.9; out-patient HFmrEF: 4.0, 2.6, and 0.8; out-patient HFpEF: 3.9, 1.7, and 1.2. At least one (re-)hospitalization for HF was experienced in 44% AHF HFrEF, 42% AHF HFmrEF, 36% AHF HFpEF, 21% out-patient HFrEF, 14% out-patient HFmrEF, and 18% out-patient HFpEF. CONCLUSIONS: In HF in Europe and affiliated countries, in-hospital mortality was 5.1% and greater with lower ejection fraction. Among hospital survivors and out-patients over 1 year of follow-up, event rates per 100 patient-years varied for death, 3.9-22, CV death 1.7-13, and unknown cause of death 0.8-6.3. The percent of patients that were (re-)hospitalized for HF at least once over 1-year follow-up ranged 14-44% and was twice as high post-AHF compared with post-out-patient visit.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.003
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.005
Threshold uncertainty score0.013
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.034
GPT teacher head0.310
Teacher spread0.275 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations6
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes