Experimental measurement of elemental carbon & organic carbon for soot producing lab-scale flares
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Measurement of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) fractions in flare generated soot using combination of instruments was studied. Comparison of the real-time (RT) EC/OC measurements to soot measurements obtained via LII and gravimetric filter measurements showed good agreement between the three techniques, although the total carbon (TC) values measured with the EC/OC instrument were slightly less than the values obtained using both the LII and gravimetric filter sampling. Although the NIOSH 5040 method seemed to produce slightly lower emission yield values, the EC/TC ratio was almost identical among the online RT EC/OC instrument and the NIOSH 5040 standard (0.945 vs. 0.949 for condition B). The preliminary data suggests that EC/TC ratios in flare generated soot could be expected to be above 0.9:1, which is higher than published data for diesel engine generated soot. This is an abstract of a paper presented at the 104th AWMA Annual Conference and Exhibition 2011 (Orlando, FL 6/21-24/2011).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".