ZEKERIYA ISIK: The Attitudes of Sects Toward State Authority in 19th Century Ottoman Society
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Throughout history, individuals involved in the community and groups against the absolute authority of the state, administrative and legal sanctions; has sought to escape routes by creating a number of ways. It has been observed that sects which sheikh based organized structures, sheiks and dervishes as the parts of subject /subordinate against the absolute authority of the state developed many various metis ways and means. It is understood that sages sometimes by using rational, practical and pragmatic namely virtual ways and sometimes by using idiosyncratic religious, mystical namely esoteric ways escaped the rules of authority, instutions and practitioners, on condition that not abnegate periodical differences. When it has departed from the Ottoman archive documents it has been observed that they used many various metis ways such as hiding in the sect environment, disguise, escape, parry, benefitting by penetrating to bureaucracy channel and state institutions, unreal statements, compromise, conflict, take advantage of the loophole in the law, simulation, strategy development, cunning and trickery. These events pointing to versatility in state-sect, society- sect relationships at the same time it has great importance to be evaluated healthier to being talked about the sections' behavior and attitudes develop towards each other in an analytical way. Ottoman modernization that imposed the elimination of traditional instutions and rules when the centralization in almost every area rebuilt state power and authority- in modern meaning- escape routes that sages he saw himself as a way out have been decisive for its relations with the state and society and as well as own prosperities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".