The first description of a (1--> 6)-beta-D-glucan in prokaryotes: (1 --> 6)-beta-D-glucan is a common component of Actinobacillus suis and is the basis for a serotyping system: Carbohydr.Res.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The chemical and antigenic properties of the cell-surface lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) of seven representative strains of Actinobacillus suis from healthy and diseased pigs were investigated. Four strains produced a linear (1 --> 6)-beta-D-glucan homopolymer, beta-D-Glcp-(1-[ --> 6)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-]n -->, as a LPS-O-chain (O1) and as a CPS (K1). Polyclonal antisera prepared against a (1 --> 6)-beta-D-glucan-containing strain showed a positive reaction against both LPSs and CPSs derived from the above strains (designated serotype O1/K1). One strain carried the (1 --> 6)-beta-D-glucan solely as a LPS-O-chain (serotype O1) and two strains did not express the (1 --> 6)-beta-D-glucan, but, instead, produced a different O-chain (designated serotype 02); these three strains expressed their own characteristic CPSs. (1 --> 6)-beta-D-Glucan structures are common cell wall components of yeast, fungi and lichens, but, to our knowledge, this is the first time a (1 --> 6)-beta-D-glucan has been described in a prokaryotic organism. Conformational and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses showed that the beta-D-Glcp-(1 --> 6)-beta-D-Glcp linkage was flexible and two distinct glycosidic conformers are described. Cross-reactive antibodies to the A. suis (1 --> 6)-beta-D-glucan could be detected in sera from a variety of species and in sera from specific pathogen free pigs. This cross-reactivity may arise from immuno-stimulation of organisms present in the surrounding environment that contain (1 --> 6)-beta-D-glucan, which may also explain the high incidence of false positive results in previous serological tests for A. suis. In addition, these (1 --> 6)-beta-D-glucan background antibodies may be protective against A. suis infection. The characterization herein of (1 --> 6)-beta-D-glucan is the foundation for the development of a serotyping system for A. suis
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".