Rheology of powders: assessing the robustness and impact of humidity, tribocharging, particle size and composition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many powder metallurgy (PM) processes rely on powder flowability to ensure the productivity and stability of manufacturing process and the quality of the final parts. Different methods have been developed to quantify powder flow behavior under different conditions (Hall flow, Carney flow, angle of repose, powder rheometer, avalanche, etc.). Powder rheology, which measures the resistance seen by an impeller when moving through a cylinder filled with powder, has recently generated interest in the PM community. In order to use the method for quality control, certification, simulation and R&D purposes, it is important to evaluate the robustness of the method and investigate the effect of experimental conditions and particle characteristics on the measurements. This paper presents an assessment of the variability of the results using a commercial rheometer and an evaluation of the impact of humidity, measurement vessel, charging and powder characteristics (size distribution and composition) on the measurements. Results were compared with values obtained using Hall and Carney flowmeters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".