A study of the effect of crushing-platen surface shape on ice-crushing behavior
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A key aspect of ice impacts on ship hulls and other structures is the shape of the impacted surface, particularly when there is plastic deformation due to the impact force/pressure and potential for increased confinement. To study this issue, some relatively simple ice-crushing tests have been performed in the lab using four different acrylic crushing platens: one that was flat, a second that had a shallow spherical-cap hollow, a third with a spherical-cap hollow with a greater radius of curvature, and a fourth with a cylindrical-cap hollow. The influences of the ‘degree of hollow’ and ‘shape of hollow’, i.e. the amount of confinement, were investigated by crushing identically-shaped granular freshwater ice specimens against the four platens, where the penetration rate was 16 mm/s and the ambient temperature was -10 °C. In addition to load/displacement measurements, high-speed imaging data of the platen-ice interface (to view hard-zone / soft-zone ice contact evolution during crushing) were acquired through the transparent acrylic platens. The shape and loading characteristics of the ice at the contact interface are discussed in the context of the four differing crushing-platen surface shapes. The average load data throughout the penetration range for the four crushing platens can be explained by three effects: the differing degrees of lateral confinement generated by the various platens; the flow and constriction behavior of the crushed ice (i.e. shattered-spall debris) generated by spallation events at the hard zones; the increasing bulk-ice confinement with penetration as the platens get closer to the ice-holder at the base of the ice samples.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".