Measurements of soot volume fraction under conditions relevant to engine exhaust using four-colour LII and different laser energies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Available experimental evidence shows that the apparent soot volume fraction (SVF) determined from two-colour LII (at 450 and 780 nm) for soot initially at near ambient room temperature displays a laser fluence dependence: it first increases with increasing the laser fluence until it reaches a maximum, after which it decreases with further increasing in laser fluence, due to sublimation. It is suggested that the low-fluence SVF anomaly is attributed to changes in soot emissivity in the 350 to 500 nm spectral range as a result of evaporation of condensed volatile organic compounds from soot particle surfaces due to laser heating. However, there is currently a lack of direct evidence to confirm the cause of the low fluence anomaly and a lack of detection strategy on how to avoid the low fluence SVF anomaly. The current approach using the two-colour LII technique is to operate the laser fluence around 2.1 mJ/mm₂ with a 1064 nm laser, see Fig. 1.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".