Cold thermal energy storage for buildings: a feasibility study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, we examined the feasibility of using cold ice as a medium to store the cold energy in the cold season and use it during the hot season in locations which experience both cold and hot seasons. We studied a cylindrical storage tank, two meters in diameter and two meters in length, wrapped with conventional insulation providing R-50. We assumed that the contained ice reaches -25 ℃ during the winter time and it was assumed to be exposed to the warm temperature of 18 ℃ for six months prior to being required for cooling. We used COMSOL Multiphysics to model the heat transfer in a three dimensional configuration. The results showed that 40 percent of the stored cold energy would be depleted during the six month period prior to the hot season. It would take 43 days for the ice in the tank to reach the melting point after consuming the sensible stored cold, and the melting process begins after that. The remaining energy is able to provide the cooling energy for almost full 24 days for an R-2000 2-story detached house located in Ottawa, Ontario.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".