Long term survivors of childhood brain cancer have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cranial irradiation for children with brain tumors frequently leads to neuroendocrine deficiencies. In this controlled study, the authors investigated risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) for long term survivors of childhood brain cancer. They also tested whether the presence of these risk factors was related to endocrine status. METHODS: In 26 survivors of childhood brain cancer (mean age, 25.8 years; mean posttreatment interval, 16 years) and 29 healthy controls (mean age, 27.7 years), the blood pressure, smoking habits, body mass index (BMI), and waist/hip (W/H) ratio were determined. Lipids and lipoproteins were measured and endocrine function was assessed. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) measurements were performed by high resolution ultrasonography. RESULTS: In the survivors of childhood brain cancer, systolic blood pressure and W/H ratio were elevated compared with controls. The cholesterol/high density lipoprotein ratio (4.7 +/- 1.7 vs. 3.4 +/- 0.8 mmol/L, P = 0.0005), low density lipoprotein cholesterol level (3.3 +/- 0.9 vs. 2.8 +/- 0.6 mmol/L, P = 0.027), and apolipoprotein B level (P = 0.001) were higher in survivors of childhood brain cancer, whereas HDL cholesterol was lower (P = 0.005). The IMT was increased in the survivor group, but only in the carotid bulb (0.63 mm +/- 1.6 vs. 0.53 mm +/- 1.1, P = 0.02), not in the internal or common carotid artery. In the absolute growth hormone deficient (GHD) population (n = 9), LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels were elevated and the W/H ratio was particularly increased compared with the other survivors of childhood brain cancer. CONCLUSIONS: For long term survivors of brain cancer, the risk for CVD is strongly increased due to dyslipidemia, central obesity, and elevated systolic blood pressure, particularly for those with GHD. The first effects of this increased risk for CVD were observed in the carotic bulb, as assessed by IMT measurements. Efforts should be directed at CVD prevention by risk factor control
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".