Evaluation of Dibutyltin and Monobutyltin Leaching from PVC pipe: A Bench and Pilot Scale Approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bench scale pipe-section reactors (PSRs) along with pilot scale pipe-loops were used to examine the leaching of toxic dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) heat stabilizers which are commonly used in drinking water distribution systems across North America from C900 and C909 PVC pipe. PSR trials were conducted using artificial freshwater containing up to 4 mg/L free chlorine, as typically employed for drinking water distribution. Pipe-loops located onsite at a water treatment facility continuously received chloraminated water. MBT was observed above the detection limit only during the first 24 hours of the PSR trial, with the presence of chlorine showing a positive impact on leaching. Pipe-loop and PSR results did not show DBT above the detection limits during the trials. These findings suggest that DBT leaching from C909 and C900 PVC pipes within a typical drinking water distribution system should not pose a concern to consumers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".