Sites and roles of arrestin phosphorylation in regulating interactions between arrestin and rhodopsin of squid eyes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In squid (Loligo pealei), activation of phototransduction is mediated by rhodopsin isomerization to metarhodopsin and the activation of a phospholipase C pathway, resulting in depolarization of the retinal membrane. Inactivation is mediated by squid rhodopsin kinase (SQRK) and arrestin. Arrestin binding to metarhodopsin is the key inactivation step and SQRK-mediated phosphorylation of rhodopsin is not required for arrestin binding. SQRK can also phosphorylate arrestin, a function that is not shared by other receptor kinases. To determine the site(s) and function of arrestin phosphorylation, I expressed recombinant arrestins in E. coli and used site-directed mutagenesis. Squid arrestin was phosphorylated at Ser392 and/or Ser 397 by SQRK. Arrestin phosphorylation did not affect arrestin binding to rhodopsin in the light but inhibited its binding to dark-adapted membranes. Furthermore, the phosphorylation significantly increased arrestin dissociation from dark-adapted membranes at high salt concentrations in vitro. This work suggested that the role of arrestin phosphorylation was to increase dissociation of the protein from rhodopsin once it has been photoconverted back to inactive state.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".