Synthesis and Characterization of Diquat Electrolytes for Use in Redox Flow Battery Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The discovery of organic molecules as electrolytes in aqueous redox flow batteries has been a growing field of research in recent years, contributing to the global effort to develop scalable energy storage methods for renewable sources. This class of redox-active organic molecules represents a significant competitor to the inorganic, largely metal-based electrolytes that have dominated the redox flow battery market, but has historically suffered from poor water-solubility among other limiting factors. Herein, we report the synthesis of several novel diquat molecules with high water solubility derived from substituted bipyridines, and the results of preliminary electrochemical analyses of these molecules for properties such as redox potential and redox reversibility in the context of flow battery systems. In general, diquats that demonstrated better performance as electrolytes were derived from bipyridine precursors with electron-donating groups as substituents. Studies on the various methods used to develop diquats and their precursors will be presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".