Free-stream Turbulence Effects on Laminar Separation Bubbles at Low Reynolds Numbers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This thesis investigates the behaviour of a laminar separation bubble (LSB) on a low Reynolds number airfoil, at various free-stream turbulence intensities. The experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel for Reynolds numbers 1.0 × 10^5 – 2.0 × 10^5, at angles of attack 4◦ – 15◦, over free-stream turbulence intensities 0.05% – 1.1%. Particle image velocimetry and oil film interferometry were used to measure skin friction, separation and reattachment points, displacement thickness, and flow transition. The experimental results indicate that increasing turbulence intensity reduces the overall LSB effect, by reducing its length and height. The length reduction is driven by the reattachment point moving upstream, due to an earlier transition to turbulence, and the separation point moving downstream, due to additional upstream mixing. The height reduction results in decreasing skin friction magnitudes within the LSB and is the result of a decrease in the wall-normal velocity fluctuations, indicating more 3-D turbulent structures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".