Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aerodynamics inside rotary kilns with two burners was investigated isothermally using acid-alkali visualization, hotwire anemometry and numerical simulation methods. A new universal scaling parameter, the combined Craya-Curtet number (Ct'), was defined and used to correlate the flame characteristics in the kiln. A new methodology was developed to simulate the flame characteristics as a function of Ct' and excess air, using acid-alkali visualization. The methodology was supported by numerical simulation and measurements conducted with hotwire anemometry in a wind tunnel specially constructed for this study. The results imply that Ct' and excess air are the most dominant parameters affecting the flame length, and hence the flame shape and temperature. The flame length increases with an increase in Ct' and a decrease in excess air. The presence of a noncondensable gas (NCG) burner reduces the flame length as it enhances the mixing between the flame and combustion air. However, the orientation of the NCG burner may have an insignificant effect on the flame length. An empirical formula was developed to predict the flame length based on these parameters. The experiments conducted in the wind tunnel using hotwire anemometry were used to validate the standard ?–? model for simulating the aerodynamics in the kiln with two burners. The model showed a good performance compared to the experimental results. Numerical simulation was then used to support the acid-alkali results and to investigate the effect of Ct' on different kiln characteristics, such as recirculation and decay of axial velocity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".