Histopathology in Skeletal Muscle of Transgenic Mice Suggests Dual-Locus of Onset (DLO) in Kennedy's Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Kennedy's Disease or Spinal-Bulbar Muscular Atrophy (KD/SBMA) is a neuromuscular disease associated with a CAG tri-nucleotide repeat expansion within the androgen receptor (AR) gene. Mouse models of KD used in this investigation expressed mutant AR either in motor neurons (HB9/AR113 mice) or skeletal muscle (HSA/AR113 mice), revealing abnormalities within the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) muscles. Reduced oxidative metabolism was observed in both HB9/AR113 and HSA/AR113 mice, while a fiber-type switch and a reduction in cell size were only observed in HSA/AR113 mice. Deficits in fiber number and endurance strength were found in HB9/AR113 mice only. These findings support the DLO hypothesis, suggesting that onset of KD involves pathology in motor neurons, and perhaps skeletal muscle. Notably, in vivo evidence of pathology in HB9/AR113 mice is an original finding of this investigation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".